If the focus was on a concept/idea, Dhyana is contemplating that concept/idea in all its aspects, forms and consequences. If the concentration was on one object, Dhyana is non-judgmental, non-presumptuous observation of that object. If in the sixth limb of yoga one focused on a personal deity, Dhyana is its contemplation. ĭhyana is contemplating, reflecting on whatever Dharana has focused on. Prānāyāma ĭhyana (Sanskrit: ध्यान) literally means "contemplation, reflection" and "profound, abstract meditation".
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In modern yoga, asanas are prominent and numerous, unlike in any earlier form of yoga. asanas taught by Shiva, stating four of these as most important: Siddhasana (accomplished), Padmasana (lotus), Simhasana (lion), and Bhadrasana (glorious), and describes the technique of these four and eleven other asanas. Over a thousand years later, the Hatha Yoga Pradipika mentions 84 The Bhasya commentary attached to the Sutras, now thought to be by Patanjali himself, suggests twelve seated meditation postures: Padmasana (lotus), Virasana (hero), Bhadrasana (glorious), Svastikasana (lucky mark), Dandasana (staff), Sopasrayasana (supported), Paryankasana (bedstead), Krauncha-nishadasana (seated heron), Hastanishadasana (seated elephant), Ushtranishadasana (seated camel), Samasansthanasana (evenly balanced) and Sthirasukhasana (any motionless posture that is in accordance with one's pleasure). Secondary texts that discuss Patanjali's sutra state that one requirement of correct posture for sitting meditation is to keep chest, neck and head erect ( proper spinal posture). Any posture that causes pain or restlessness is not a yogic posture. Āraṇya translates verse II.47 as, "asanas are perfected over time by relaxation of effort with meditation on the infinite" this combination and practice stops the body from shaking. The Yoga Sutra does not list any specific asana. Āsana Īsana is a posture that one can hold for a period of time, staying relaxed, steady, comfortable and motionless. For example, in verse II.42, Patanjali states that the virtue of contentment and acceptance of others as they are ( Santosha) leads to the state where inner sources of joy matter most, and the craving for external sources of pleasure ceases. Ishvarapranidhana (ईश्वरप्रणिधान): contemplation of the Ishvara (God/Supreme Being, Brahman, True Self, Unchanging Reality) Īs with the Yamas, Patanjali explains how and why each of the Niyamas helps in personal growth.Svadhyaya (स्वाध्याय): study of Vedas, study of self, self-reflection, introspection of self's thoughts, speech and actions.Tapas (तपस्): persistence, perseverance, austerity, asceticism, self-discipline.
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